Living
Scientist’s Impressed By Goldfish’s Good Memories
Ever heard the phrase dumb as a rock or a bird? Most of us have, and fish aren’t usually expected to be much smarter. However, as it turns out, goldfish have been proven to have memories. In fact, their memory is so good, they use it to know how to get around in the water successfully once they have an area mapped mentally.
Of course, the common question will be, exactly how was it proven goldfish even have a memory at all? Leave it to academic researchers to answer. A team at Oxford decided they wanted not just to observe but to actually train fish to navigate a particular path and length of distance as well as return the right way to get a food reward. Not only was the research successful in training the fish, it also showed conclusively that the fish could estimate the distance they had to swim once they completed the course. That’s only possible through memory.
The course the fish had to travel involved a tank with obstacles. Each unit of distance was marked every two centimeters. The fish themselves were signaled to move by visual cues. Most people who’ve had pet fish know they respond when one waves their hand at the top of the tank, expecting food. So, the researchers used the same idea to get the fish to turn around and return after they traveled the path. The challenge came when the researchers changed the direction the fish had to travel but the same distance and their starting point was moved. The surrounding patterns were also changed in other attempts, again to confuse the fish. However, despite the changes, eight out of the total, nine, stayed on track, found their food, and did it without any signals.
The research concluded that the fish are using a visual brain interpretation known as optic flow. Utilizing what they are seeing as it passes, the fish are calculating to memory how long it takes to see familiar things as they travel. Regardless of the starting point being changed, the fish still found their familiar references and then calculated how much further they had to go to reach their destination. Unlike land animals and humans, who use a reference point and angle to calculate an expected distance, fish use it more as a memory post, “If I see this familiar thing, then it will take one more minute of swimming to reach what I expect.”
Clearly, the fish has to have swum the expected round at least a few times to memorize the various landmarks and objects. However, once that has happened, then goldfish at least have put to memory the signals they need to then repeat the path successfully most of the time. Now, how that can be used on a practical level might not seem obvious, but the military, for example, have already been using dolphins for reconnaissance underwater. So just imagine the possible ramifications from there.
Good news for ocean giants! The grey whale population off the west coast of the United States is making a remarkable comeback, just a few years after a mass die-off threatened their recovery.
Remember 2019? That’s when a disturbing number of grey whales washed ashore dead, from Alaska all the way down to Mexico. Thankfully, researchers say the tide is finally turning.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) declared the worrying period of high whale deaths, which began in 2019, is finally over. Sharing the positive news, NOAA scientist Aimee Lang told The Seattle Times, “It’s refreshing to see these numbers trending upwards again.”
Here’s the good stuff: NOAA estimates there are now between 17,400 and 21,300 grey whales in the eastern North Pacific, a significant jump from last year’s count of 13,200 to 15,960. This is a major rebound from the population decline that began in 2016, when numbers hovered around 27,000.
The most severe period of this die-off event happened between late 2018 and the end of 2020. During that time, a staggering 690 grey whales were found dead along the migration route – a stark contrast to the normal annual average of just 35 dead whales found in the US alone.
So, what caused the die-off? Researchers believe changes in the whales’ Arctic feeding grounds, in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas, were to blame. These changes likely affected the availability and quality of the whales’ food, leading to malnutrition. This lack of proper sustenance during their long northward migration from Mexico to Alaska is thought to have contributed to a higher death rate and fewer calves being born, causing the population to plummet.
The good news? The eastern North Pacific grey whales have come a long way since their successful delisting from the endangered species list in 1994. This impressive comeback shows their resilience and our collective efforts in protecting these magnificent creatures.
In Essex, England, a fox found herself in a precarious situation when her head became wedged in a gap in a fence. The fox’s feet were barely touching the ground, and she was stuck, hanging helplessly. Fortunately, the South Essex Wildlife Hospital staff came to her rescue.
The fox had misjudged the leap between two fence panels, sliding further and further down the gap until she was firmly wedged. Time was quickly running out, as her legs could barely touch the ground. The hospital staff sprang into action, gently wiggling her neck and supporting her back end to free her from the fence.
Despite the initial worries about potential injuries from the ordeal, the fox miraculously escaped unharmed. There were no signs of constriction injuries or friction damage. After her ordeal, the fox was released back into the wild, much to the relief of the hospital staff.
The South Essex Wildlife Hospital praised the fox’s resilience and expressed their gratitude that she had escaped without any harm. The story serves as a reminder of the importance of wildlife conservation and the need to protect animals like this fox, who may occasionally find themselves in need of a helping hand.
In the realm of medical breakthroughs, a new cancer drug has emerged as a beacon of hope for patients like 11-year-old Arthur, who battled blood cancer. Arthur’s journey with cancer led him to become one of the first children to try this innovative therapy, which his family fondly calls “a little bit of sunshine.”
Unlike traditional chemotherapy, which can often leave patients feeling severely ill, this new drug, blinatumomab or “blina,” offers a gentler alternative. For Arthur, whose previous chemotherapy had left him weak and still battling cancer, blina proved to be a ray of hope.
Blina works as an immunotherapy, harnessing the body’s own immune system to seek out and destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells untouched. This targeted approach means fewer side effects and less harm to the body. Administered through a thin plastic tube inserted into a vein, blina can be carried in a portable backpack-sized device, allowing patients like Arthur to receive treatment on the go.
Arthur’s mother, Sandrine, described the profound impact of blina on their lives. Unlike the intensive chemotherapy regimen, blina allowed Arthur to spend more time at home with his family, engaging in activities he loved, like playing at the park. Sandrine expressed relief that blina didn’t make Arthur too weak to enjoy life, unlike chemotherapy, which had left him feeling worse while attempting to cure him.
The convenience of blina also meant that Arthur could take on some responsibility for his treatment, empowering him in his journey to recovery. Sandrine highlighted Arthur’s joy in being able to manage the treatment himself, a stark contrast to feeling helpless during chemotherapy sessions.
Thanks to blina, Arthur’s cancer journey took a positive turn. After undergoing treatment at home and regular hospital visits for blina top-ups, Arthur received the news that his cancer was gone. Sandrine described the momentous occasion as a double celebration, marking both the New Year and the successful outcome of blina therapy.
Medical professionals are optimistic about the potential of blina to replace significant portions of chemotherapy, offering a kinder and gentler treatment option for cancer patients. Chief investigator and consultant pediatric hematologist, Prof. Ajay Vora, emphasized the toxic nature of chemotherapy and the gentler approach of blina, which spares healthy cells from damage.
As the clock struck midnight on New Year’s Eve, Denver, Colorado, celebrated the arrival of 2024 with not just fireworks and champagne, but also with the opening of a unique solution to a widespread problem: homelessness.
Life on the Streets: A Growing Challenge
With rising living costs and limited affordable housing options, many cities across the United States grapple with the issue of homelessness. People struggling to make ends meet often find themselves living on the streets, facing harsh weather conditions, lack of privacy, and limited access to basic necessities.
Tiny Homes, Big Hope
In an effort to tackle this challenge, Denver took a bold step by opening its first micro-community for the homeless. This innovative project features several dozen tiny homes, each offering a safe and secure haven for individuals in need.
A Home, Not Just a Shelter
These tiny houses are no ordinary shelters. Each unit is compact yet equipped with everything a person needs to feel comfortable and cared for. They include storage shelves, a bed, a desk, and a heating system. Residents also have access to shared facilities like laundry rooms, bathrooms, and a communal kitchen.
Quick Build, Big Impact
The Denver micro-community was built in record time, taking just 88 days to complete. The tiny houses themselves are designed for rapid deployment and can be installed in as little as an hour. This flexibility allows the city to easily scale up the project and provide temporary housing to more people in need.
A Symbol of Hope
The opening of the Denver micro-community marks a significant milestone in the fight against homelessness. It represents a shift towards creative and compassionate solutions that prioritize the dignity and well-being of individuals living on the streets.
A Step in the Right Direction
While the Denver micro-community is just one step in the right direction, it offers a glimmer of hope for those struggling with homelessness. By providing safe, secure, and comfortable housing, this project empowers individuals to rebuild their lives and work towards brighter futures.
The success of the Denver micro-community could inspire other cities to explore similar solutions and implement innovative approaches to addressing the complex issue of homelessness. With creativity, compassion, and collaboration, we can work towards a future where everyone has access to a safe and dignified place to call home.
Let’s work together to ensure that everyone has a roof over their head and a chance to thrive in the new year and beyond.
In the vast underwater world of our oceans, coral reefs stand as vibrant ecosystems teeming with life. However, these essential habitats face a growing threat from climate change, putting their survival at risk. Recent research from Oregon State University brings a glimmer of hope, revealing how some corals possess a unique ability to “remember” heat waves, offering a potential strategy for their survival in warming waters.
The study, led by doctoral student Alex Vompe and overseen by microbiology professor Rebecca Vega Thurber, explores the concept of ecological memory within certain coral species. Ecological memory refers to the ability of these corals to withstand and adapt to marine heat waves by drawing on their past experiences. This fascinating phenomenon is intricately linked to the microbial communities that coexist within the coral structures.
“Coral reefs are vital to our planet’s ecosystem, but they face significant threats from various human-induced pressures, including climate change,” notes Vompe, the study’s lead author. As the Earth’s climate continues to warm, coral reefs are increasingly vulnerable to mass bleaching events, where corals expel the symbiotic algae that provide them with nutrients and color. Such events can lead to coral death and the subsequent decline of entire reef ecosystems.
Vompe emphasizes the importance of recognizing the role microbes play in the adaptation of corals to changing environmental conditions. This understanding could have significant implications for coral conservation efforts, such as coral gardening and planting initiatives. By harnessing the knowledge of microbial processes and the organisms responsible for ecological memory, researchers may develop strategies like probiotics or monitoring protocols to enhance coral health and resilience.
The study specifically highlights the resilience of Acropora retusa, a prevalent coral species in the Mo’orean coral reef. According to Vompe, this species displays a powerful ecological memory response to heat waves, suggesting a greater potential for resilience to climate change than previously thought.
While these findings offer a glimmer of hope, the broader issue of climate change remains a pressing threat to coral reefs worldwide. Rising sea temperatures, ocean acidification, and extreme weather events pose severe risks to these delicate ecosystems. Urgent global efforts are needed to address and mitigate climate change, preserving the beauty and biodiversity of coral reefs for future generations.